Functional assessment of an elderly man at home Essay Example for Free

Utilitarian evaluation of an older man at home Essay As indicated by NHS (2011), old individuals who have achieved the age of 65 years or more as a rule spend a normal of 10 hours or more day by day sitting or resting, making them the most inactive gathering of individuals. Because of this obvious inertia among the old, they are progressively inclined to unintentional falls, stoutness, cardiovascular mishaps, heart conditions and unexpected passing than everyone. In this meeting, information was accumulated from an older man in his mid 80s through utilization of a semi-organized meeting plan that comprised of open-finished inquiries addressing the instrumental exercises of every day living (IADL) and exercises of day by day living (ADL). The meeting plan gave a chance to the questioner and interviewee to handle the inquiries in detail through fitting testing. Prior to initiation of the meeting, an educated assent was acquired from the respondent where his secrecy and the privacy of the data looked for from him were guaranteed. The interviewee was approached to sign an assent structure on the off chance that he consented to participate in the meeting. The Rationale To discover that an individual can freely live at home or network, the assurance of the day by day essential exercises performed by the individual is vital. These exercises are alluded to as Activities of Daily Living (ADLs). As indicated by PayingForSeniorCare (2007), ADLs just fill in as a measuring stick of freedom of people, regardless of whether they play out these fundamental exercises all alone or get help. Then again, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) are the activities which are significant yet not a day by day prerequisite for one to live autonomously. They typically used to figure out what level of help is to be agreed to the older or crippled individuals in the public eye. In the meeting nschedule, three (3) ADLs and Three (3) IADLs were incorporated. The ADLs included: Bed portability, Toileting, and Eating. The IADLs were: Responsibility for own medicine, Housekeeping, and Ability to utilize phone. These exercises and activities were remembered for the meeting since they will in the exceptionally least point to the utilitarian capacity of the respondent given his propelled age. ADLs and IADLs are done in light of the fact that ‘ Measuring an individual’s capacity to play out the ADLs and IADLs is significant not simply in deciding the degree of help required yet as a measurement for an assortment of administrations and projects identified with thinking about the old and for those with incapacities (PayingForSeniorCare (2007, p. 1). Moral contemplations As indicated by Fouka and Mantzorou (2011, p. 3), research morals include prerequisites on day by day work, the assurance of nobility of subjects and the distribution of the data in the examination. Examination morals are a lot of rules that control scientists and exploration associations on the best way to act when managing research members, different specialists and partners, the clients of their exploration and society by and large. Among the moral issues mulled over in research include: 1. Educated assent Educated assent is a significant moral issue in completing examination. As indicated by Armiger (1997), the member should purposely, intentionally and brilliantly, and in a reasonable and show way, give his/her assent. Educated agree gives self-sufficiency to the respondent consequently they are ensured through self-assurance. Through educated assent, the participant’s uprightness, individual freedoms and veracity are shielded from infringement by specialists. Educated assent empowers people take part in research willfully after they have been given data on the expected dangers and advantages of the exploration. Free and educated assent should fuse a prologue to the examination, its motivation, a clarification of the choice of the subjects and the systems that will be followed. It is fundamental to portray any physical mischief or inconvenience, any intrusion of protection and any danger to poise just as how the subjects will be repaid all things considered. 2. Value don't hurt This guideline guarantees that specialists practice an expert command to do noteworthy and successful examination in order to serve and advance the government assistance of the populace. A specialist must consider every single imaginable outcome of the exploration and offset the dangers with proportionate advantage. The sort, degree, and number of potential dangers must be surveyed and the hazard advantage proportion must be accomplished by recognizing these variables. In the event that the dangers exceed the advantages, the investigation ought to be updated. It is significant that questioning of the members is done toward the finish of the examination. Questioning alludes to clarifying the specific point of the examination and why certain revelations were not done. As indicated by Burns and Grove (2005) ‘if the subjects encountered an elevated level of uneasiness, they ought to be questioned or alluded to proper expert intercession as necessary’. 3. Regard of obscurity and privacy Privacy and namelessness are firmly connected with the privileges of usefulness. The assurance of secrecy is accomplished when the specialist doesn't interface a members individual reactions and his/her personality. The administration of private data of the respondents must be guaranteed by the analyst so as to ensure the participant’s personality. Secrecy implies that people can give and additionally retain as much data as they wish to the individual they pick. 4. Regard of protection Security is the opportunity practiced by a person in deciding the time, degree, and general conditions under which private data will be imparted to or retained from others. Subsequently, private data will not be imparted to others without the information on the member. As indicated by Treece and Treece (1982), an analyst must regard a choice by a respondent who considers revealing individual data an infringement of security. Fauka and Mantzorou (2011, p. 7) express that ‘this may even apply to report old enough, pay, conjugal status, and different subtleties that the subject may respect personal. They likewise suggest that protection can be attacked when analysts study certain gatherings without their insight and without recognizing themselves. 5. Worries of helpless gathering of individuals Helpless gathering of individuals are the people who can't secure their own privileges and government assistance. Feeling is as yet separated regarding whether they ought to be remembered for research examines or not because of their failure to give educated assent. They incorporate detainees, intellectually sick individuals, the matured and kids among others. They need further assurance for they are powerless against being misled, compromised or compelled to take part in research examines they have no clue about. As indicated by Burns and Grove (2005), the defenselessness of these people builds the requirement for legitimization for the utilization of such subjects in research examines. 6. Genuineness, objectivity, respectability, lawfulness and ability It is imperative to keep up genuineness in research endeavors. Sincerely report information, results, techniques and methodology, and distribution status. Stay away from any manufacture, distortion, or deception of information. Try not to hoodwink partners, conceding organizations, or general society. To look after objectivity, the scientist must keep away from inclination in study plans, information examination, information translation, peer audit, work force choices, award composing, master declaration, and different parts of exploration where objectivity is normal or required. Keep away from or limit predisposition or self-misleading. Unveil individual or money related premiums that may influence research. Uprightness ought to be guaranteed through keeping of guarantees and understandings. The scientist must act with truthfulness, and keep up consistency of thought and activity. Each specialist must guarantee and improve his/her own proficient fitness and skill through deep rooted instruction and learning and steps must be taken towards the advancement of capability in science in general. Examination contemplates are guided by the significant standards and guidelines that must be clung to consistently, regardless of whether institutional or legislative. Exploration morals assume significant jobs in research concentrates as they; 1. Achieve regard for and cause no mischief to the members 2. They are an expert necessity in research examines 3. They are a necessity in acquiring financing for research undertaking 4. They guarantee that examination considers are directed inside the moral rules gave by the Ethics Committee 5. Guarantees that the exploration discoveries are satisfactory to the examination network and the open Interviewee current IADL/ADL rehearses As indicated by Quinn et al. (2011), older people normally present with intense and ceaseless issues that antagonistically influence work, regularly characterized by utilitarian decrease and loss of freedom. This may in the long run lead to institutional consideration for such people. The diminished capacity might be a pointer to mysterious pathologies which lead to expanded mortalities (Schumacher, 2005). From the meeting, it was discovered that the respondent had constrained limit in doing every day exercises. For example, in deciding the ADLs, in bed versatility, he required other than two people physical help, had a restricted physical help with toileting and constrained help when eating. His activities also were constrained as he scored humble in IADLs. For example, in obligation regarding own medicine, he possibly takes drug when it is set up ahead of time and in right measurements, he picks up the phone just and can't dial without anyone else, lastly he doesn't partake in any type of housekeeping. The respondents credited this to poor memory, quick bombing visual perception, burden by joint pain and propelled age. End Old people are burdened by numerous diseases that lead to poor

Reflection on Research and Analysis Project

Reflection on Research and Analysis Project First Meeting: Before having my first gathering, I went to an open day with Mr. Collin Biggs who gave brief talk on the necessity of RAP and points which can be picked to do an effective RAP. The subject I browsed the Oxford Brookes Project point territories is number 8 which is The business and monetary execution of an association over a multi year time frame. For the first gathering my coach Ashley Cooke solicited me to compose The Introduction from the RAP before having the main gathering. I chose to break down the money related and business execution of GlaxoSmithKline and Astra Zeneca as a comparator. Subsequent to picking the subject and association I began to explore the data about GlaxoSmithKline and Astra Zeneca. From the site of GlaxoSmithKline and Astra Zeneca, I downloaded their evaluated budget report and yearly reports for a long time periods from 2007 to 2009. Circumstance: My tutor solicited me to send the Introduction from my RAP three days before the gathering with the goal that he can experience the work I had finished and get ready criticism for my first gathering. I couldn't send him the Introduction part of my RAP three days before the gathering as I disparaged the work required and I additionally was not exactly acquainted with Microsoft Word. I had the option to send him the email with the Introduction of my RAP only two days before the gathering. During the principal meeting, my tutor was not happy with my methodology which I embraced to compose Introduction of my RAP. Presentation about the organization was especially in detail. My guide instructed me to be exact and compose just significant data about the organization. He likewise disclosed to me that my work was inadequate with regards to quality as I just utilized Companys official site and didn't allude to autonomous sentiments and perspectives. Exercise Learned: I discovered that I need to deal with my time better as I need additional opportunity to convey my assignments on time as I am inadequate with regards to the aptitudes of viable utilization of Microsoft Word. I additionally discovered that I need to utilize third partys suppositions and audits about the companys execution which will in general be less one-sided. Second Meeting: As my first gathering was not up to the scratch so I was prompted by my coach to set aside some additional effort to accomplish adequate work for my subsequent gathering. He solicited me to complete most from the exploration and examination work before the subsequent gathering. I attempted my best to complete all the examination work important to assess my task targets, for example, pattern investigation, proportion examination, statistical surveying and key investigation of GlaxoSmithKline Plc and Astra Zeneca Plc. Toward the finish of my second gathering my coach stunned me when he requested that I plan Microsoft Power Point slides for introduction. I didn't know how to make such slides utilizing Microsoft Power Point. What's more, I told my guide there and afterward that I don't have the foggiest idea how to utilize Microsoft Power Point to get ready slides. He was exceptionally useful and he showed me how to plan slides utilizing Microsoft Power Point on his PC. Circumstance: I was working very well as indicated by the recommendations of my tutor. Be that as it may, I couldn't complete a large portion of the work before time and couldn't email all the necessary work to my guide three days before the subsequent gathering. The explanation was that my niece out of nowhere got debilitated and she was taken to the Hospital only five days before the second meeting.She was genuinely sick and I needed to take my family couple of times to the Hospital. I was unable to complete my entire work. However, I oversaw myself to go to the subsequent gathering. My coach revealed to me that he was anticipating more work from me. I disclosed the entire story to him. He asked about the wellbeing of my niece and exhorted me that I must be very much arranged and prepared for such episodes and leave some cradle time for such vulnerabilities. Exercise Learned: I understood that on the off chance that I would have left some cushion time, I would have finished my function admirably before the subsequent gathering. Presently I understood that I should attempt my best to complete my work and the assignment given before time to keep away from any incident or vulnerability. Third Meeting: My coach requested that I give ten minutes introduction which ought to be summed up however complete. My guide revealed to me that my introduction ought to be a brief look at my general RAP. My introduction will be trailed by short inquiry and answer meeting where I will be addressed on my work and my discoveries about the picked association Circumstance: I was very time forced for my third gathering as I had some work left from my subsequent gathering to finish and additional work to be accomplished for the third time including the arrangement of slides for introduction. I needed to do practice for my introductions as I have not given any introductions before this. I was somewhat stressed and apprehensive over my introduction. Exercise Learned: I learnt I ought not leave the work till the last moment from my past experience as questions can occur and postpone the procedure. I gave myself a prior cutoff time with the goal that I could complete my work before the first cutoff time. Because of this I figured out how to complete my RAP on schedule. I likewise took in a ton from the introduction part of my RAP. I figured out how to make slides on Microsoft PowerPoint as proof; slides are appended with the accommodation of my RAP. I made my introduction to the Mentor. I used up all available time and couldn't finish the introduction well in time. I invested an excess of energy in the presentation and the motivation behind why I pick the association. I neglected to introduce the end and suggestion part of my introduction. I was unable to do equity with my endeavors I put in my exploration work on account of the manner in which I introduced my report to the tutor. I was not fruitful in view of the absence of arranging of my introduction. I planned what I will introduce however because of the absence of training I was unable to convey what I was anticipating from myself. By the by, I took in a great deal from this experience. I learnt not to be over centered around the superfluous things and appropriately offering time to increasingly significant zones. Question 2: How well do I believe that I have responded to the exploration questions? At the underlying phase of my RAP I was certain that I will have the option to do my RAP effectively on the picked point. In any case, as a general rule the picked point and seeing data on association demonstrated as hard and trying for me. I didn't know first and foremost from where should I assemble data about GlaxoSmithKline and AstraZeneca. I was completing my RAP inquire about on constrained data accessible yet I came to know from a companion of mine that British Library is stacked with data in regards to any association. I got budgetary and non monetary data from British Library about GlaxoSmithKline and AstraZeneca which was sufficient to do RAP examination appropriately. During my optional research, web assumed a crucial job in social affair information. Web was of incredible assistance when perusing up consequences of GlaxoSmithKline and AstraZeneca for the main quarter of 2010 as this information was not effectively available from different sources. It was difficult for me to choose which proportions ought to be determined in proportion examination as every single proportion has its own criticalness and significance. Time was a main problem in this task. I was unable to apportion time appropriately to the various territories of my examination which I could have improved on the off chance that I would have had additional time. Additional time would have permitted me to visit more business libraries to get an inside and out information on the Pharmaceutical business and its serious condition. Question 3: How have you exhibited your relational abilities and relational abilities during the venture work? Relational and Communication aptitudes are two abilities which are significant in scholastic life as well as in proficient life too. These abilities encourage in scholastics during introductions, class conversations, and task report composing and during proficient life like managing clients, providers, companions and the board. During my RAP, I utilized my relational aptitudes which I learnt through my examinations, particularly paper F7 (Financial Reporting) of ACCA. At first the correspondence with my guide was not exceptionally powerful as I attempted to discuss appropriately with my tutor. My tutor here and there couldn't comprehend my inflection and he requested that I rehash scarcely any occasions during my communications with him. I lost valuable time of my gatherings with him because of this correspondence issue. English isn't my native language. Despite the fact that my English have improved fundamentally in the wake of examining ACCA in England, local English speakers at some point think that its hard to comprehend me due to my solid highlight. My coach Ashley Cooke has been persistent with me and he never gave any indications of uneasiness while speaking with me. I understood that so as to convey viably I must be progressively certain when confronting someone eye to eye and I ought to talk gradually and plainly so that even with my solid highlight, individuals could get me. I need to improve my oral, verbal and non-verbal abilities with the goal that Ill have the option to perform better both in scholastics and in workplace. Question 4: How has undertaking the Research and Analysis Project helped me in my bookkeeping considers as well as flow business job? I took in a ton by doing my RAP which will help me in my reaming ACCA examines and furthermore when I start my expert employment. Something, I learnt while doing my RAP was the manner by which to do an examination and accumulate data about a certifiable association, this helped me in building up my exploration abilities. The examination aptitude will be valuable to me for my further investigations and vocation. Speaking with individuals in a successful manner was the new learning experience and it is significant for me when I will begin my expert occupation later on. My relational abilities have improved essentially by doing this RAP. I figure I would be in a superior situation to adapt to the difficulties later on, which truly would not have been conceivable without undertaking a venture this way. Other thing, I took in an extraordinary arrangement abdominal muscle

Presidential Inauguration on the Columbia Campus COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Presidential Inauguration on the Columbia Campus COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog A crowd of several thousand students, staff, and administrators gathered in the center of campus on Tuesday for the inauguration of Columbia College alumnus Barack Obama on a jumbo tron television screen.   President Bollinger welcomed the crowd prior to the event and extended an invitation to everyone in the audience to join he and his wife at their home following the event. The temperature was a cool but you would not have known it by the looks on the faces of those in the crowd.   There was definitely an air of excitement and it is an event I will never forget.   A slide show of the event is available on the ColumbiaNews Web site.

Wuthering Heights - a complex novel by Emily Brontë - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 767 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/05/13 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Wuthering Heights Essay Did you like this example? Wuthering Heights is a complex novel by Emily Brontà «. The novel set up in a way that portrays two separate generations of characters and the relationships from the first generation are shown in the second generation but with specific things that help the reader increase their understanding of the novel. Wuthering Heights is a novel about despair and love. Emily Brontà « uses specific literary devices to help create a complex and intriguing plot; She uses flashbacks, symbolism, and irony, to Contribute to the many different themes of the novel. First, Emily Brontà « uses flashbacks in Wuthering Heights to contribute to the themes of the novel. Since the novel incorporates two separate generations, flashbacks are needed to tell the story of the first generation. The narrator Lockwood shows up at Wuthering Heights to rent a house from HeathCliff. HeathCliff happens to be the landlord and one of the characters from the first generation. Our main character is instantly curious about the landlord and his past so he invites Nelly, another character, to tell him the story of the first generation. This is where Emily Brontà « incorporates the flashbacks. It is necessary for her to use flashbacks so that we can see the story of Catherine and Heathcliff. Without Emily Brontà « using this literary device, the reader would not be able to hear the story in the present time. This is also very Important because of the fact that the flashbacks help the reader understand specific things about Heathcliff. From the beginning of the story h e is a very dark and mysterious character and the flashbacks allow us to better understand the character. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Wuthering Heights a complex novel by Emily Brontà «" essay for you Create order Second, Emily Brontà « uses symbolism in Wuthering Heights to contribute to the many themes in the novel. One of the main symbols we see throughout the novel are the Moors. The moors are strips of land that are not suitable for planting or much else. In the novel we see that the moors symbolize this in-between state. The moors Are not necessarily good or evil. They are this area in between where good and evil are not quite clear. Wuthering Heights is another symbol in the novel. Wuthering Heights acts as the physical manifestation of evil. While Wuthering Heights represents evil, Thrushcross Grange represents goodness. The Moors lay in between these two places which makes sense why they are neither good nor evil. Hair is also another major symbol in the novel. Blonde hair symbolizes threshold grange and the Linton family who are extremely privileged and thought to be good. Darker hair symbolizes the Earnshaw family who live at Wuthering Heights. Throughout the book the Earnshaws are Represented as evil. This symbol comes full circle in the end of the novel when Catherine and Hareton’s Hair mixes together which symbolizes love overcoming the rigid constructs of good and evil. Finally, Emily Brontà « uses irony in Wuthering Heights to help with the overall theme of the novel. There are many different forms of irony in the novel but one of the main ones is dramatic irony. Dramatic irony is when the audience know something that a character does not, and the reader watches the character act out in ignorance. One of the best examples of this is when Heathcliff is listening in on Catherine’s conversation with Nelly. He leaves before she can finish what she was saying. He only hears the part where Catherine says that she’s not willing to marry him because he has a lower status stand her. He doesn’t hear the part where she says That she loves him and that they are so much alike. HeathCliff runs away and comes back years later after he make something of himself because he wanted to be enough for Catherine. If he would’ve stayed he would’ve realized that he didn’t need to do this because Catherine was already in love with him. This case of dramatic irony has a serious effect on the novel because by Heathcliff leaving, both him and Catherine become miserable and make everyone around them extremely miserable. Another case of dramatic irony is when Isabella marries Heathcliff. Catherine warns her against marrying Heathcliff and the reader knows that she shouldn’t marry Heathcliff because we know that Heathcliff is actually there Because he is in love with Catherine. Emily Brontà « uses flashbacks, symbolism, and irony to help with the many themes in Wuthering Heights. By using these she is able to further the plot and create a complex and intricate story. She is also capable of keeping the audience intrigued by using the literary devices.

The History of Sex Discrimination Legislation in the US

The United States Constitution did not mention women or limit any of its rights or privileges to males. The word persons was used, which sounds gender neutral. However, common law, inherited from British precedents, informed the interpretation of the law. And many state laws were not gender-neutral. While right after the Constitution was adopted, New Jersey accepted voting rights for women, even those had been lost by a bill in 1807 that rescinded the right of both women and black men to vote in that state. The principle of coverture prevailed at the time the Constitution was written and adopted: a married woman was simply not a person under the law; her legal existence was bound up with that of her husbands. Dower rights, meant to protect a widows income during her lifetime, were already being ignored increasingly, and so women were in the tough position of not having significant rights to own property, while the convention of dower that had protected them under that system was collapsing. Beginning in the 1840s, womens rights advocates began working to establish legal and political equality for women in some of the states. Property rights of women were among the first targets. But these did not affect the federal constitutional rights of women. Not yet. 1868: Fourteenth Amendment to the US Constitution The first major constitutional change to affect womens rights was the Fourteenth Amendment. This amendment was designed to overturn the Dred Scott decision, which found that black people had no rights which the white man was bound to respect, and to clarify other citizenship rights after the American Civil War had ended. The primary effect was to ensure that freed slaves and other African Americans had full citizenship rights. But the amendment also included the word male in connection with voting, and the womens rights movement split over whether to support the amendment because it established racial equality in voting, or oppose it because it was the first explicit federal denial that women had voting rights. 1873: Bradwell v. Illinois Myra Bradwell claimed the right to practice law as part of the 14th Amendments protections. The Supreme Court found that the right to choose ones profession was not a protected right and that womens paramount destiny and mission was the offices of wife and mother. Women could be legally excluded from the practice of law, the Supreme Court found, using a separate spheres argument. 1875: Minor v. Happerset The suffrage movement decided to use the Fourteenth Amendment, even with that mention of male, to justify women voting. A number of women in 1872 attempted to vote in a federal election; Susan B. Anthony was arrested and convicted for doing so. A Missouri woman, Virginia Minor, also challenged the law. The registrars action forbidding her from voting was the basis for yet another case to reach the Supreme Court (her husband had to file the lawsuit, as coverture laws forbid her as a married woman from filing on her own behalf). In their decision in  Minor v. Happerset, the Court found that while women were indeed citizens, voting was not one of the privileges and immunities of citizenship and thus states could deny women the right to vote. 1894: In re Lockwood Belva Lockwood filed a lawsuit to force Virginia to allow her to practice law. She was already a member of the bar in the District of Columbia. But the Supreme Court found that it was acceptable to read the word citizens in the 14th Amendment to include only male citizens. 1903: Muller v. Oregon Thwarted in legal cases claiming womens full equality as citizens, womens rights and labor rights workers filed the Brandeis Brief in the case of Muller v. Oregon. The claim was that womens special status as wives and mothers, especially as mothers, required that they be given special protection as workers. The Supreme Court had been reluctant to allow legislatures to interfere with contract rights of employers by permitting limits on hours or minimum wage requirements; however, in this case, the Supreme Court looked at evidence of working conditions and permit special protections for women in the workplace. Louis Brandeis, himself later appointed to the Supreme Court, was the lawyer for the case promoting protective legislation for women; the Brandeis brief was prepared primarily by his sister-in-law Josephine Goldmark and by reformer Florence Kelley. 1920: Nineteenth Amendment Women were granted the right to vote by the 19th Amendment, passed by Congress in 1919 and ratified by enough states in 1920 to take effect. 1923: Adkins v. Childrens Hospital In 1923, the Supreme Court decided that federal minimum wage legislation applying to women infringed on the liberty of contract and thus on the Fifth Amendment. Muller v. Oregon was not overturned, however. 1923: Equal Rights Amendment Introduced Alice Paul wrote a proposed Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution to require equal rights for men and women. She named the proposed amendment for suffrage pioneer Lucretia Mott. When she reworded the amendment in the 1940s, it came to be called the Alice Paul amendment. It did not pass the Congress until 1972. 1938: West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish This decision by the Supreme Court, overturning Adkins v. Childrens Hospital, upheld Washington States minimum wage legislation, opening the door again for protective labor legislation applying to women or men. 1948: Goesaert v. Cleary In this case, the Supreme Court found valid a state statute prohibiting most women (other than wives or daughters of male tavern keepers) from serving or selling liquor. 1961: Hoyt v. Florida The Supreme Court heard this case challenging a conviction on the basis that the female defendant faced an all-male jury because jury duty was not mandatory for women. The Supreme Court denied that the state statute exempting women from jury duty was discriminatory, finding that women needed protection from the atmosphere of the courtroom and that it was reasonable to assume that women were needed in the home. 1971: Reed v. Reed In  Reed v. Reed, the U.S. Supreme Court heard a case where state law preferred males to females as administrators of an estate. In this case, unlike many earlier cases, the Court held that the 14th Amendments equal protection clause applied to women equally. 1972: Equal Rights Amendment Passes Congress In 1972, the US Congress passed the Equal Rights Amendment, sending it to the states. The Congress appended a requirement that the amendment be ratified within seven years, later extended to 1982, but only 35 of the requisite states ratified it during that period. Some legal scholars challenge the deadline, and by that assessment, the ERA is still alive to be ratified by three more states. 1973: Frontiero v. Richardson In the case of  Frontiero v. Richardson, the Supreme Court found that the military could not have different criteria for male spouses of military members in deciding eligibility for benefits, violating the Fifth Amendments Due Process Clause. The court also signaled that it would be using more scrutiny in the future in looking at sex distinctions in the law—not quite strict scrutiny, which did not get majority support among the justices in the case. 1974: Geduldig v. Aiello Geduldig v. Aiello looked at a states disability insurance system which excluded temporary absences from work due to pregnancy disability and found that normal pregnancies did not have to be covered by the system. 1975: Stanton v. Stanton In this case, the Supreme Court threw out distinctions in the age at which girls and boys were entitled to child support. 1976: Planned Parenthood v. Danforth The Supreme Court found that spousal consent laws (in this case, in the third trimester) were unconstitutional because the pregnant womans rights were more compelling than her husbands. The Court did uphold that regulations requiring the womans full and informed consent were constitutional. 1976: Craig. v. Boren In  Craig v. Boren, the court threw out a law which treated men and women differently in setting a drinking age. The case is also noted for setting out the new standard of judicial review in cases involving sex discrimination, intermediate scrutiny. 1979: Orr v. Orr In Orr v. Orr, the Court held that alimony laws applied equally to women and men and that the means of the partner were to be considered, not merely their sex. 1981: Rostker v. Goldberg In this case, the Court applied equal protection analysis to examine whether male-only registration for the Selective Service violated the due process clause.  By a six to three decision, the Court applied the heightened scrutiny standard of  Craig v. Boren  to find that military readiness and appropriate use of resources justified the sex-based classifications. The court did not challenge the exclusion of women from combat and the role of women in the armed forces in making their decision. 1987: Rotary International v. Rotary Club of Duarte In this case, the Supreme Court weighed a  Ã¢â‚¬Å"States efforts to eliminate gender-based discrimination against its citizens and the constitutional freedom of association asserted by members of a private organization.† A unanimous decision by the court, with a decision written by Justice Brennan, found unanimously that the message of the organization would not be changed by admitting women, and therefore, by the strict scrutiny test, the interest of the state overrode a claim to a First Amendment right of freedom of association and freedom of speech.

The Leadership Theory And Practice - 1170 Words

Leadership Theory and Practice Review of Subject Throughout the history of law enforcement, leaders have used many different styles to lead employees. From the early styles of Autocratic and Laissez-Faire to Participative (democratic), Transactional and Transformational leadership. Leadership within policing has evolved over the years in some organizations to a more participative style and yet there are still leaders who cling to an antiquated domineering style. Nothing is further from the truth than the events in the city of Ferguson, Missouri. Ferguson unrest (also referred to just as Ferguson) was a series of protests and civil disorder that began the day after the fatal shooting of Michael Brown by a police officer on August†¦show more content†¦Leadership is said to deal with change, motivation, inspiration, and influence. Management deals more with maintaining equilibrium and the status quo. An important current development is to regard leadership as a long-term relationship, or partnership, bet ween leaders and group members. A. Individual Level of Analysis At the individual level of analysis, leadership involves the study of learning, perception, creativity, motivation, personality, turnover, task performance, cooperative behavior, ethics, and cognition. No leadership style is right, wrong, or best for all situations. The most effective approach for a particular organization being dependent on: the skill levels, education and experience of the members of the organization; the type of work involved (Kreitner Kinicki, 2013). An important characteristic of leadership is using human talents to grow performance, trust and integrity in employees and the organization (Daft, 2005). One’s personality plays a major role in the way they lead. Personality is a combination of traits (distinguishing personal characteristics) that classifies an individual’s behavior. Personality affects conduct as well as insight and attitudes. Knowing personalities helps explain and forecast others’ behavior and job performance (Lussier Achua, 2004). The Big Five Model of Personality assesses whether a person is stronger in surgency, agreeableness, adjustment,

SWOT Analysis Communications Methods & E-Communication Strategies

Question: Discuss about the Communication and E-Communication Strategies. Answer: Introduction Communication is the most successful and vital tool for the expansion and the development of any of the concerned firm. This report will highlight the desired strengths, weaknesses, threats and the desired opportunities of Qantas. Qantas is one of the most successful airlines and it is the second oldest airlines throughout the world (Qantas, 2016). It consists of near about 32500 of the total employees and therefore there is a crucial need to enhance the communication process as to provide the reliable services to all its customers (Connors, 2012). Effective communication strategies increase the effectiveness and the efficiency of the employees within the desired workplace. The company needs to evaluate the brand reputation by providing satisfactory services to all its customers. SWOT analysis on Communications methods and practices of Qantas There are some of the important points which will help in enhancing the effectiveness of the communication process with the respective clients of Qantas. These are getting connected with the clients, influencing their decision and anticipation (Coombs and Holladay, 2012). The use of the SWOT analysis will help in identifying the desired requirements of the E-communication strategies in order to carry out the effectiveness of the firm. Strengths The Qantas is one of the leading airline industries throughout Australian marketing segments. The employees of the organization have the perfect ability to analyze the desired requirements of the audiences. The employees have the capability to use effective verbal communication techniques to handle the difficult situation with the clients (Luo, 2012). One shook understands that how to use the communication tools in a difficult situation and the staff of Qantas are skilled as to provide staifcto9ry services to the customers. They work for the satisfaction of the customers. Designing of ease, speed and accessing the crucial requirement is necessary (Markel, 2012). The effective building of the relationship with the customers enhances their reliability towards the services offered by the firm. Weaknesses The involvements of the respective customers are considered to be of great importance and this is one of the weaknesses of the firm. The employees need to make the customers get involved within the communication process whole delivering the services to them. The involvement of the customers helps in making the employees understand regarding their actual needs and the use of the effective communication process provides complete satisfaction to the customers (Rice and Atkin, 2013). Issues prevailing among the employees due to lack of effective communication is a major weakness for the firm. Threats There are certain threats from the lack of the knowledge that the staffs or the new employees perceive. The increase in the number of the other airlines industry generates crucial threat to the firm and therefore there needs to be the formulation of the effective E-communication strategies from the firm in order to enhance the effectiveness and the fulfillment of the concerned customers. The rise in the labor costs, as well as the cost involved in providing the effective communication skills to the employees, is one of the major threats to the firm. Opportunities The use of the E-communication strategies will help in providing the desired advantage for enhancing the reliability and the satisfaction of the concerned customers (Rice and Atkin, 2013). The changing trends throughout the different market segments have made it very crucial for the concerned service industries to enhance the reliability of the customers by the use of effective communicational strategies. Description of the findings At present, the world has changed a lot and the implementation of the new and innovative techniques has made it very reliable for the concerned customers. Throughout the different airline industries, the use of the latest technologies has provided them the desired competitive advantage to enhance their customer's base and profitability. Qantas has developed its brand image within the concerned market segments of Australia by providing the higher quality of the services to all of the customers concerned. In order to enhance its desired growth, there is a crucial need to improve the communicational system with the customers as this will help in assisting the customers with the best possible services required. As per the changing trends, the use of the E-communication system helps in providing the desired services as per the needs of the clients within a short period of time and therefore the company needs to formulate effective strategies as top facilitate the desired growth of the org anization to the large extent. The use of the E-communicational strategies helps in enhancing the personalization and the desired privacy of the concerned customers and therefore, it aims to attract a large number of the customers towards the firm (Seroter et al., 2009). One of the most crucial points is to understand the desired needs and the demands of the customers and this can be done with the help of effective interactions with the concerned customers. The use of the E-communication strategies will help in getting in effective interaction with the concerned customers and will enhance the satisfaction by the services offered by the firm. Moreover, the management team of Qantas needs to formulate effective communication strategies as per the satisfactory needs of the customers. Conclusion The paper reflects the desired analysis of Qantas on the basis of the E-communicational methods practiced. Designing of ease, speed and accessing the crucial requirement is necessary. The involvement of the customers helps in making the employees understand regarding their actual needs and the use of the effective communication process provides complete satisfaction to the customers. Issues prevailing among the employees due to lack of effective communication is a major weakness for the firm. References Connors, T. (2012).The volunteer management handbook. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley. Coombs, W. and Holladay, S. (2012).The handbook of crisis communication. Chichester, U.K.: Wiley-Blackwell. Luo, J. (2012).Soft computing in information communication technology. Berlin: Springer. Markel, M. (2012).Technical communication. Boston, Mass.: Bedford/St Martins. Qantas, Q. (2016).Flights to Australia | Australia travel | Qantas. [online] Qantas.com. Available at: https://www.qantas.com/travel/airlines/home/in/en [Accessed 28 May 2016]. Rice, R. and Atkin, C. (2013).Public communication campaigns. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE. Seroter, R., Young, C., Fairweather, E. and Bonham, Z. (2009).SOA Patterns with BizTalk Server 2009. Birmingham, U.K.: Packt Pub.

apple inc. essays

apple inc. essays President Apple was founded in April 1976 by Steve Wozniak, 26 years old, and Steve Jobs, 21, both college dropouts. In 1976 Wozniak was working on the Apple I computer, without keyboard or power supply, for a computer hobbyist club. Later that summer, Wozniak began work on the Apple II, designed to appeal to a greater market than computer hobbyists. Apple's professional marketing team placed the Apple II in retail stores, and by June 1977, annual sales reached $1 million. In 1979 Apple introduced the Apple II+, with far more memory than the Apple II and an easier startup system. By the end of the year sales were up 400% from 1978, at over 35,000 computers. In December 1980, Apple went public. Its offering of 4.6 million shares at $22 each sold out within minutes. A second offering of 2.6 million shares quickly sold out in May 1981. The Apple III was well received when it was released in September 1980 at $3,495 but the Apple III never sold as well as the Apple II. It was discontin ued in April 1984. Unfortunately, the Lisa did not sell as well as Apple had hoped. With the failure of the Lisa, the Macintosh was seen as the future of the company. It was launched with a television commercial in January 1984. The Macintosh computer finally moved Apple into the business office. Corporations saw its ease of use as a distinct advantage. By 1988, over one million Macintoshs had been sold. Now, Apple designs, develops, produces, markets and services microprocessor-based personal computers, related software and peripheral products, including laser printers, scanners, compact disk read-only memory drives and other related products; and manufactures communications products that connect Apple systems to local area networks, connect the Macintosh to other computers and integrate the Macintosh into various computing environments. The stock prices, sales and market share were shown in Exhibit 1, 2 an...

Significant Leaders of the Russian Revolution essays

Significant Leaders of the Russian Revolution essays Revolutions in the past have occurred because of powerful dynamic leaders. The Russian Revolution implied complete and drastic change, but the revolutionaries were the people who tried to bring about such changes. Lenin and Stalin were influential revolutionary leaders that set up a new way of living and thinking which helped lead to the Russian Revolution. The Russian Revolution is regarded as one of the most remarkable events in human history. It brought an end to the Czarist regime. In its place, a republic was established. The success of the Russian Revolution changed the character of the nationalist revolutions in the colonial world. They were given new social and economic content. The Russian Revolution of 1917 transformed a poverty-stricken Czarist Russia into a superpower, under the guiding and very powerful and harsh spirits of Lenin, Stalin, and other leaders. The major leader of the Bolsheviks was Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov who later adopted the name of Lenin. Lenin and the Bolsheviks took control of the government and lead it to the Bolshevik Revolution. The civil war in Russia and the revolution destroyed the Russian economy. Lenin shifted his role and started to revive the economy and reconstructed the government. This Bolshevik Revolution ushered in social, political and economic equality. It gave a turn to the current th oughts of socialism and communism. The communists in Russia struck at Czarism vigorously through a revolution and established a communist regime. Their communism was based on the doctrines of Karl Marx. Most people today when they hear of the word revolution think of political revolution and summon up visions of terror, bloodshed, and change brought about by a few with the use of a force. Revolution, therefore, means a threat, fear and something essentially evil to most people. An example of this definition was Russia under the rule of Joseph Stalin. After Lenin died, Stalin seized power and tra...

You choose the topic Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

You choose the topic - Research Paper Example Rare earth elements are not rare as suggested by the name but are abundant in the earth’s crust even more than some metals (see table 1). However, they are dispersed and their concentration on the earth’s crust is very low and therefore they cannot be easily exploited. In addition, each rare earth deposit is unique and contains different ore bodies which contains several rare earth elements in varying proportions. Rare earth elements do not occur naturally in elemental state as most metallic elements but are found in a large number of minerals types including halides, oxides, carbonate, phosphate and silicate (Eriksson and Olsson 5). In this project we want to address beneficiation as one of the aspects of chemical process of obtaining rare earths form the naturally occurring ores. Beneficiation is the second step of mining after the ore is removed from the ground. Beneficiation process is divided into two steps i.e. physical beneficiation and chemical beneficiation. Chemical beneficiation is applied after the physical beneficiation. Depending on the composition of the ore, different chemical techniques can be applied to separate the rare earth elements from other minerals contained in the ore. There are various types of ore bodies which include; monazite, euxenite, gadolinite, xenotime, bastnasite, and Elliot lake uranium (Gupta and Krishnamurthy149). Different ore bodies have different compositions and hence different chemical beneficiation processes. There are two different chemical beneficiation ways of obtaining rare earth elements from monazite ore. This difference comes from the fact that either sulphuric acid or hydroxide can be used to first attack the ore (Gupta and Krishnamurthy 149). Acid treatment. In this treatment (see fig.1), concentrated sulphuric acid is used to heat the monazite sand up to a temperature of between 120 and 150Â °C ( Bongaerts 67). Both thorium and

Influenza Vaccine During Pregnancy Research Paper

Influenza Vaccine During Pregnancy - Research Paper Example after the first dose, whereas previously unvaccinated children below 9 years were recommended with two doses of vaccine, the priming dose as well as the booster dose. The adverse reaction observed in these individuals involves soreness, fever, malaise and Guillian- Barre Syndrome (GBS) (1/100,000) recipients, other adverse drug reports encompass nasal congestion, headache, myalgias or fever (Stinhoff et al, 2012). Pregnancy is a condition that affects immune system to a greater extent as a result woman becomes prone to the health hazards caused by the flu or other complicated condition such as pneumonia or respiratory distress. Further, these conditions may culminate into premature labor or delivery of a preterm baby. Prevention of flu is therefore highly imperative. Vaccination as a preventive measure is a way to protect the fetus, infant stage. Childhood flu vaccines can be provided at or after 6 months of age. However, vaccination during the pregnancy results in the formation of a ntibodies which are passed on to the developing fetus and hence a passive protection or immunity is provided to the fetus. This flu vaccine is prepared from the inactivated virus while the nasal spray is prepared from the live virus which is contraindicated during pregnancy (Ayoub & Yazbak, 2006). Symptoms of Influenza Symptoms of influenza involve fever, myalgia, malaise, headache, fatigue, cough, sore throat, rhinitis etc. Such conditions could be assessed by performing viral culture and testing for the presence of viral antigen. Influenza virus possesses airborne transmission and person to person contact. The virus possesses an incubation period of two days and there is an abrupt onset of these symptoms. Observations reveal that influenza is accompanied by the complications like... Influenza spreads potentially in the community and is capable of causing spread and intensity of illness of the patient. The virus is capable of changing its antigenic forms from 1918 to 2009. Human is the indirect host and is known that pig serves as a host for human as well as avian species. Its transmission is through droplet nuclei as well as body discharges. The virus invades the respiratory epithelium after the incubation duration of 1-7 days. A damage to epithelium we followed by the immune response. Characters displayed by the patients encompass fever, cough, sore throat, diarrhea, vomiting followed by hospitalization. Vaccination against the devastating disease influenza is highly essential to prevent the development of complications, especially pneumonia in children. During pregnancy the immunity provided to the developing fetus is passive, it can prevent the fetus from influenza. Reports of teratogenic as well as carcinogenic implications of the condition have been observe d. Although with research studies the success rate has augmented still a lot of controversies regarding the influenza vaccine are gaining prevalence. On one hand, the reports highlight the positive consequences of the influenza vaccine in preventing the disease condition while on the other hand there are reported the incidence to display the teratogenic as well as the carcinogenic impact of the influenza vaccine. Dreaded diseases like pH1N1 could be combated due to the administration of pH1N1 vaccination.

Computer System Architecture of Buses

Computer System Architecture of Buses Abstract This report focuses on the computer system architecture of buses. The research is based on the buses which used by AMD K computer system. Those are includes bus characteristics, bus arbitration and bus topology. In bus characteristics, we had cover the bus width and bus speed, types of buses and bus lines, and also advantages and disadvantages of a bus to a network. In bus arbitration, there was include purpose of arbitration, how does the arbitration protocol work and multiplexing. Other else was the bus topology. In the end of the report, there was a summarize results which include why a bus hierarchy is required, how a bus hierarchy works and additional hardware circuitry required. Introduction This assignment is mainly explaining a fundamental architectural feature present in all computer system, buses. Buses have historically provided a flexible communications structure in computer systems. Furthermore, buses in computing are a digital communication mechanism that allows two or more functional units to transfer control signals or data. Most buses are designed for use inside a single computer system; some are used within a single integrated circuit. Many bus designs exist because a bus can be optimized for a specific purpose. For example, a memory bus is intended to interconnect a processor with a memory system and an I/O bus is intended to interconnect a processor with set of I/O devices. Furthermore, buses can be divided into two major groups based on their control. Those two groups are local buses and system buses. Various bus designs have been used in the PC, including ISA, EISA, Micro Channel, VL-bus and PCI. Other peripheral busses are NuBus, TURBOchannel, VMEbus, MULTIBUS and STD bus. Bus Width A bus is characterized by the amount of information that can be transmitted at once. It is call bus width. The amount expressed in bits, corresponds to the number of physical lines over which data is sent simultaneously. The term width is used to refer to the number of bits that a bus can transmit at once. Typical widths are 8, 16, 32, or 64 bits at a time. In other words, the bus width means the size of the entity that the bus sends data in one cycle. For example 32 bits, this means that the bus has 32 wires that are used for the transmission. (This may also be different, depending on the transmission protocol). Bus Speed Bus speed means how many bits or bytes (1 byte = 8 bits) is the bus able to send in a unit of time (typically second). For example for a computer network it could be 100 Mbs means 100 Megabits (12, 5 Megabytes) in a second. The bus speed is also defined by its frequency. It expressed in Hertz. Frequency means the number of data packets sent or received per second. Each time that data is sent or received is called a cycle. Besides, the bus speeds also commonly known as front side bus (FSB). It is shows how fast the components can communicate with each other. Faster bus speed means faster computer. You can easily see how a faster FSB helps your computer get more information from one place to the other. For example, if two computers are exactly the same in all ways except one has an FSB speed of 500 MHz and the other has an FSB of 1066 MHz, twice as much data will get through on the second computer compared to the first. This means your computer will get more work done in the same amount of time faster spreadsheet calculations, faster decoding of that movie, or smoother video games. To increase the bus speed you can either increase the bus width or the frequency of the transmission on the bus. The Different Types of Buses Local Buses A local bus is the simplest buses consist of set of wires. Within the central processing unit (CPU), local buses can generally be divided in three types. They are address buses, data buses or control buses. Address buses tend to be specialized in purpose and are usually unidirectional. It carries an address from the CPU to memory or I/O devices. Data buses tend to be more general in purpose and are bidirectional. It carries data between the CPU and memory or I/O devices. Control buses carry signals from the control unit to other components of the computer and back to control unit. System Buses Unlike local buses, system buses are independent functional components of many computers. Each system bus has its own control circuit, called a bus controller, and within each bus controller is an arbiter, which process requests to use the bus. The bus controller may be distributed among the devices that use the bus. Systems buses generally connect system components together, such as the CPU,I/O system and often the main-memory system, and designers often optimize system buses for transferring data between I/O devices and main-memory. A key distinction between system buses and local buses is that system buses tend to have well-documented and stable definitions, so that designers can attach a wide variety of devices to them. Local buses are processor-specific and not widely documented. They tend to be proprietary. Example of system buses are DEC UNIBUS and the Apple NuBus. Bus Lines The wires that comprise a bus are called lines. Four main categories of bus lines : Data lines Carry data from one place to another. Address lines Specify the recipient of data on the bus. Control lines Provide control for the synchronization and operation of the bus and the modules to which it is connected. Power lines Provide power to various components connected to the bus. Advantages / Disadvantages of a Bus to a Network Data bus networks have quite a few advantages compare the other network topologies such as point-to-point links in these applications. Generally, a data bus can make possible the interconnection of a set of terminals when the number of terminals is so large that interconnection through individual point-to-point links becomes unusable. Furthermore, a data bus topology can provide large configurationally flexibility. Terminals can be added to the network or moved to different locations without major revisions in the cabling layout. Both of these advantages are of particular importance in applications in which cable installation is the dominant system cost, for example in shipboard applications. Purpose of arbitration In a computer system, all the devices communicate with the other device are connected to the main board over a same bus. If two or more I/O (input and output) devices try to use the bus at the same time to access the main board, there will be a conflict arise. Therefore, bus arbitration is created is to resolve the problem. Bus arbiter is a circuit to coordinate the activities of devices request for memory transfer using the bus. The process that runs by bus arbiter is name as Bus Arbitration. It is to prevent two or more I/O devices initiating transfers at the same time. The bus arbitration mechanism is designed to allow high priority devices such as the processor and RAM get first access to the bus, while the other devices (disks, video cards, sound cards etc.) get lower priority, and often have to wait to access the bus. The prioritization is according numbered interrupts to priority systems. The lower the numbered interrupts will has the higher priority. On many systems, the CPU has interrupt 0. Therefore, CPU always goes first on the bus. Meanwhile, there are time slices provided over the bus. How does the arbitration protocol work The device that uses to allow for initiating data transfers on the bus is called as bus master. Therefore, only one bus master can exist at a time. When the bus master relinquished its control, the other device also can act as bus master. However, the process of transferring the bus mastership from one device to another device has to coordinate carefully to take account of the needs of various devices. As stated earlier, the bus arbitration has been design to use by high priority device. Therefore, scheduling function will be performs by bus arbiter. Bus arbiter can be part of the processer or separate unit that connected to bus. The diagram above show a basic arrangement example of processor contains the bus arbiter circuitry. In this case, the processor is act as the bus master. However in some cases, the other DMA (direct memory access) controller can gain the bus mastership. DMA controllers activate the Bus-request line, BR before it gain the bus mastership. The Signal of Bus- request line is transfer using the logical OR concept from the bus-request line to the other I/O devices. When the bus request is activated, the processor will activates the bus Grant signal, BG1, gives permission to the DMA controller use the bus when it become free. The signal is using a daisy-chain arrangement to connect all DMA controllers. Therefore, when DMA controller 1 request for the bus, it will block the propagation of the grant signal to other I/O device automatically. Else, it will assert BG2 to grant downstream. The bus master indicates all I/O devices that it is using the bus by activating another open collector line call as Bus Busy, BBSY. Therefore, a DMA controller need to wait for Bus busy to inactive after the Bus Grant signal send. In the situation, the DMA controller can assumes the bus mastership. Multiplexing Multiplexed bus is a type of bus structure which the number of signal lines represented by the bus is less than the number of bits of data, addresses, and control information being transferred between devices of the computer system. For example, if a multiplexed address bus use 8 signal lines to transmit 16 bits of address information. The information is transferred sequentially where the additional control line is being used for sequencing the transfer. In another example, the system represent a master control unit (MCU) connecting to one or more receiver-transmit unit (RTU) by a data bus. The MCU transmits a message to the RTU for comprising a synchronization pulse of known duration and successive time spaced timing signals separated by time duration T marking the boundaries of data bits to be transmitted from the RTU to the MCU. The RTU is including a clock pulse source which utilizes the synchronization pulse to determine the frequency of the clock pulse source in P pulses per duration T. The value P is used in conjunction with the timing signals to create properly timed data determining signals in the data bits. Point to point topology Point to point (PTP) is directly connects two nodes to together. Following is some example of using PTP to connect 2 nodes together. Two computers communicating via modems. A mainframe terminal communicating with a front end processor. A workstation communicating along a parallel cable to a scanner. In a point-to-point topology, all the devices are connected with a shared switch. The switch is different from the shared topology. Computational components that are connected using a point-to-point topology do not need to use any type of bus arbitration scheme. Instate, the shared switch breaks the continuous stream of data on the bus into data packets that are routed to the individual devices. Using this method, the shared switch able establishes point-to-point connections between the different devices. From an individual devices perspective, a connection has to be a private, direct, continuous connection to another device. The connection may comprise one or more two-way of serial-connections. By increasing the number of lanes of a connection, therefore the bandwidth of the connection can by increase. An example of point-to-point bus topology is the implementation in peripheral component interface expresses (PCI Express). PCI Express is a computer expansion card standard designed t o replace the older PCI, PCI-X, and AGP standards. It was introduced by Intel in 2004, PCIe is the latest standard for expansion cards that is available on mainstream personal computers. Multipoint Multipoint is a bus topologies that carries signals to several destinations. It is also known as multidrop bus (MDB) or broadcast bus. Multipoint bus usually requires addressing signals on the bus to identify the addressed destination. Example : Ethernet. It is also a computer bus in which all components are connected to same set of electrical wires. Summary From this assignment, we had classified out the type of buses which its basically grouped into four parts known as processor bus, cache bus, local I/O bus and standard I/O bus. Each of this is different as processor bus is the highest-level bus that the chipset uses to send information to and from the processor. While, cache bus used to accessing the system cache. At the same time, the local I/O bus is for connecting performance-critical peripherals to the memory, chipset, and processor such as video cards and disk storage devices. Example of local I/O bus is like Peripheral Component Interconnect Bus (PCI). Last would be the standard I/O bus which it used for slower peripherals such as modems while it also for compatibility with older devices. Bus hierarchy is required due to the lower level bus like local and standard I/O buses need to steps by steps sent the data to the upper levels of buses in order to allow users to retrieve or transfer the data from each particular memory to another. Hence, I consider them a hierarchy because each bus is to some extent further removed from the processor; each one connects to the level above it, integrating the various parts of the PC together. Each one is also generally slower than the one above it. As a conclusion, bus is generally designed for multiple devices to share the medium. Furthermore, additional hardware circuitry is needed because of that may have problems when two clients want to transmit at the same time on the same bus. Therefore, hardware like bus arbitration is needed to overcome this conflict. Conclusion As a conclusion, buses are actually helpful as its act as a vital medium in order to transferring data. Basically, buses connect different modules within the CPU and to memory and other I/O peripherals. Meanwhile, buses can also connect two different components at the same time through the usage of point-to-point or multipoint. Buses can carry data, address and control function as it could transmit the instructions of the users into the outputs. Buses are form in the combination of data line, address line, power line and control line. Then, buses and buses communicate through a medium called bridge. Further, we had identified the characteristics of the buses as it categorized into two categories. For bus speed, it covers the area for speed of transmitting data to another medium. While, bus width is the amount of data can be transferring. Besides, type of buses, pros and cons of bus and network and buses arbitration also included within our report. Lastly, we had also stated out the purposes of buses arbitration. Frequently Ask Question (FAQ) What is a bus? How to solve the conflict of different data is being transferring through the same bus but at different devices? What are the functions of buses? How to measure the speed of transferring or retrieving data from buses? How does buses connected to each other? How to increase the buses speed? Which method allows buses to connect 2 devices? References Jospeph.S, 1985, Multiplex bus system for controlling the transmission of data between a master control unit and a plurality of remotely located receiver-transmitter units [online], Available from http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4538262.html [Accessed 30 October 2009] What is a computer bus? [Online], Available World Wide Web : URL http://en.kioskea.net/contents/pc/bus.php3 [Accessed 26 Oct 2009] Shinichi, What is bus speed? [Online], Available World Wide Web : URL http://www.helium.com/items/986164-what-is-bus-speed [Accessed 26 Oct 2009] Multidrop bus [Online], Available World Wide Web : URL http://wikirank.com/en/Multidrop [Accessed 02 Nov 2009] Derwyn.J, 1984, Passive fiber optic data bus configurations [online], Available from http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4457581.html [Accessed 10 November 2009] System bus, online, Available from http://www.inetdaemon.com/tutorials/computers/hardware/mainboards/bus/[Accesed 30 October 2009] DAINTITH.J, 2004, multiplexed bus. A Dictionary of Computing [online], Available from http://www.encyclopedia.com [Accessed 03 November 2009] Hamacher.C, Vranesic.G, Zaky.G, 1996, computer organization In, 4th edition, McGraw-hill international editions, Singapore, 1996, pp186

Teenage Drunk Driving :: Free Essay Writer

"People need to be aware that what happened to me can happen to you. I had never thought about impaired driving as an issue in my youth, it wasn't a debate. Now I know. Life really is about choices." This quote was from Tom Boyle who killed Brian Colgan in a drunk driving accident in 1995. Tom Boyle states that life is about choices. This brings up the issue with Massachusetts wanting to place a "scarlet letter" (mark of shame) on the licenses of convicted drunk drivers. Placing the "scarlet letter" on the licenses of convicted drunk drivers is a senseable consequence. Being a senseable consequence it brings up the old saying "if you do it once you are bound to do it again", many statistics prove there are a great number of drunk drivers, and the "scarlet letter" will reduce the amount of drunk drivers on the road. When I was a child I dropped a rock on my sisters head not knowing any better, but after being disiplined for doing this I decided to go back and do it again. This is accountable for most drunk drivers we have today; like stated above, "if you do it once you will do it again." If someone is an alcoholic they are bound to keep drinking due to the fact it is a daily routine and they need medical help. Having the mark on the license will motivate the alcoholic to get help and give police and pedestrians warning of the individual. "Alcohol is the 2nd most addicting substance in the United States followed by marijuana", posted Time Magazine June 2001 Issue. Being the 2nd most addicting substance, it is hard not to drink and drive. Teenage Drunk Driving.com Statistics prove that on any given weekend evening, one in 10 drivers on America’s roads have been drinking. With this many people on the road drinking, it puts not just his/her life in danger, but puts our lives in danger as well. According to the latest drunkdrivers.com statistics, the prospect of you or someone in your family being involved in an alcohol-related motor vehicle accident is more than just very likely, it is a virtual certainty. In fact, in a family of five, the chance that someone in the family will find themselves in an alcohol-related motor vehicle crash in their lifetime, is an astounding 200 percent. Imagine, a 200 percent chance that you or someone in your family will either cause, or be an innocent victim to, a drunk driving accident.

“A Celebration of Grandfathers”

1. In â€Å"A Celebration of Grandfathers,† the author writes that respect for elders is â€Å"a cultural value to be passed on from generation to generation.† What does he say the elders could teach young people? Use evidence from the text to explain your answer.Anaya states that elders can teach young people to live â€Å"authentic lives.† By this he means lives that have meaning and purpose achieved through hard work, faith, and a sense of community. Anaya states, â€Å"They learned that to survive one had to share in the process of life,† and that means sharing in the good and the bad. Anaya compares the eyes of the older generation to windows that â€Å"peer into a distant past,† and have a knowledge and spirit that comes from an understanding of the earth with which younger generations have lost touch.2. Anaya recalls an incident where his grandfather tells him, â€Å"Know where you stand.† What did his grandfather mean literally? What did he mean figuratively?Anaya’s grandfather says this to Anaya when he comes home as a young boy having been badly bitten by ants while working out in the fields. Literally, Grandfather means â€Å"watch where you are going/standing,† or â€Å"pay better attention.† Figuratively, Grandfather means this in a more philosophical sense; he is telling young Anaya to learn to pay attention to the world around him so that he can avoid danger. Specifically, he means to pay attention to the Earth (nature) because, unless you show it respect, it can become unfriendly. Even nature’s tiny ants can become hostile and, when working as a community, can become threatening.3. The title of this memoir is â€Å"A Celebration of Grandfathers,† not â€Å"A Celebration of My Grandfather.† Why do you think Anaya made this distinction?In this memoir, Anaya is celebrating the â€Å"elders,† which include all older generations and all future generations that will one day be old. Anaya uses his own grandfather as an example. By relaying his personal experiences with his grandfather, Anaya shows examples of what the elders can pass on to younger generations. This piece is intended as a celebration of all older generations (grandfathers and grandmothers) and the cultural values they passed on.4. How does  Anaya's grandfather help him cope with the death of his young friend?When a young boy is dragged to his death by a horse, young Anaya is upset that death came to someone so young. To help him understand the process of death as a function of life, Anaya's grandfather explains death through images of nature and the changing of seasons. These are common and comforting images that a young Anaya can relate to. Grandfather explains death as a resting period before blooming again, a â€Å"small transformation in life† rather than a permanent unknown.5. The author states that â€Å"They [ancianos] learned that to survive one had to shar e in the process of life.† What does he mean by this? What is the â€Å"process of life†?Anaya means that the elders worked together as family, friends, and neighbors to support each other when times were bad and to share in the bounty when times were good. It was a life that was community-oriented. The process of life is the daily process of living and surviving. They shared good times and hard times. They helped each other through the â€Å"epidemics and personal tragedies† and they â€Å"shared what little they had when the hot winds burned the land and no rain came.† Rappers, if only they knew what they looked like†¦maybe they would stop.

Unos vs. Algunos †Spanish Grammar and Word Usage

When used to mean some, meaning an indefinite number, algunos and unos are usually interchangeable — it doesnt matter which one you use. However, there can be some subtle differences between them. Here is a guide to know where the choice of word might make a difference: Approximations Unos, but not algunos, can be used when making approximations (approximations can be expressed in other ways as well): Tenemos unos mil quinientos discos de mà ºsica clà ¡sica. We have some 1,500 classical music discs. With de The phrase algunos de is far more common than unos de to mean some of: Estos son algunos de los monumentos mà ¡s extravagantes del paà ­s. These are some of the most outlandish monuments in the country.La compaà ±Ãƒ ­a planea pasar algunas de sus tecnologà ­as a cà ³digo abierto. The company is planning to put some of its technologies into open source.Algunos de mis mejores amigos son espaà ±oles. Some of my best friends are Spaniards. In contrast with otros If a sentence is contrasting some with others (otros), either algunos or unos can be used to mean some:  ¿Por quà © unas personas pueden bailar y otras no?  ¿Por quà © algunas personas pueden bailar y otras no? Why can some people dance and others cant?Las emociones son como el mar, unas veces airado, otras veces tranquilo. Las emociones son como el mar, algunas veces airado, otras veces tranquilo. Emotions are like the sea, sometimes angry, sometimes peaceful.Algunos vieron la pelà ­cula, otros no. Unos vieron la pelà ­cula, otros no. Some saw the movie, others didnt. In contrast with none If the emphasis is on some as opposed to none, algunos is more commonly used. The emphasis in such a case isnt so much on number as on existence: Algunos soldados pueden dormir con cualquier ruido de fondo. Some soldiers can sleep through any kind of background noise.Sà © que algunos me comprenden. I know that some people understand me.Algunos creen que son mà ¡s importantes que Dios. Some believe they are more important than God. Sources: As with most lessons on this site, sample sentences are adapted from a variety of sources written by native Spanish speakers. Among the sources consulted for this lesson were: Espacio Latino, Fayerwayer, Foro de Blogger, NIH.gov, Planetanuncios, Tadforo, Yahoo Mà ©xico.